Table 2.
Extension of Table 1. Reported noise reduction potential, reproducibility (qualitative author assessment), and aerodynamic performance assessment of toroidal propellers. Abbreviations: OASPL: Overall A-weighted sound pressure level, BPF: Blade passing frequency, RANS: Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes method, CFD: Computational Fluid Dynamics.
| ... | Noise reduction potential1 | Reproducibility2 | Aeroacoustic performance3 | Peer-reviewed journal paper? |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ... | −4 to +18 dB | Medium | RANS (simulated) | Yes |
| ... | Slight increase | Low | CFD (simulated) | Yes |
| ... | Up to −19.6 dB (axial) | Low | RANS (simulated) | Yes |
| ... | Up to −10 dB (axial) | Low | Thrust rig (measured) | No |
| ... | −2.1 dB OASPL, −13.9 dB @BPF | High | Load cell (measured) | No |
1Maximum noise difference between toroidal and conventional propellers as reported by the authors. Metrics vary between studies (e.g., SPL, OASPL, tonal levels). 2Qualitative assessment based on the availability of experimental setup details, operating conditions, and model descriptions. 3Method used to determine thrust and torque for performance evaluation.
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