Empirical data (grey lines, filled symbols) and model predictions (black lines, open symbols) for the time-intensity trading experiment of [75] with ITDs of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 μs. The ordinate represents d′, while the abscissa represents the ILD in dB. Since BI_L,R and BI_L,C,R predicts nearly identical d′, only BI_L,R predictions are shown in the upper panel for improved clarity. The lower panel represents predictions from BMFD. The dashed horizontal lines indicate the decision criterion of the models, e.g. differences between test and reference signals resulting in d′ values below the criterion are assumed not to be detectable.