Open Access
Table 1
Properties included in the calculation.
| Variable | Value | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Voltage | 35 [volt] | Amplitude of excitation voltage |
| d 33 | 265e−12 [C/N] | PZT piezoelectric charge constant (PIC181) |
| ε 33 | 1200 × 8.85e−12 | PZT permittivity (PIC 181) |
| t smd | 6.5e−3 [m] | Thickness of titanium wall |
| c pzt | 4221 [m/s] | Longitudinal speed of sound in PZT4 |
| c w | 1480 [m/s] | Speed of sound in water |
| c smd | 6070 [m/s] | Speed of sound in titanium (Engineering Toolbox) |
| ρ smd | 4500 [kg/m3] | Titanium density |
| ρ w | 1000 [kg/m3] | Water density |
| ρ pzt | 7800 [kg/m3] | PZT density (PIC 181) |
| ν pzt | 0.34 | Poisson ratio (PIC 181) |
| Y smd | 102.7e9 [Pa] | Young’s modulus of titanium GR2 (AmesWeb) |
| A S | 1e−4 [m2] | Area of transducer |
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