Ultrasound and Wood Science at the Forestry Research Centre in Nancy, France, for a period of twenty years, between 1979 and 1999

Topical Issue - Development of European Acoustics in 20th Century

Open Access

Table 18.

Technical terms calculated with previous data for spruce and maple for violins [57].

Species
	Density	Technical terms (10⁸ N/m²)
	Density	Young moduli			Shear moduli
	(kg/m³)	E₁ = E_L	E₂ = E_R	E₃ = E_T	G₄₄ = G_RT	G₅₅ = G_LT	G₆₆ = G_LR
Spruce (Picea spp.)
P. abies	400	82.79	1.56	1.03	0.36	8.12	7.56
P. rubens	485	150.89	3.13	1.75	0.53	7.45	8.46
P. sitchensis	370	99.95	9.49	4.30	0.33	6.64	7.25
P. sitchensis	437	82.31	3.15	1.57	0.51	7.38	9.86
P. engelmani	357	62.11	0.85	0.56	0.37	6.52	6.76
Fiddle back maple (Acer spp.)
A. pseudoplatanus	670	98.59	26.55	12.93	5.73	15.68	22.56
A. platanoides	740	89.53	29.08	16.99	7.20	13.86	21.34
A. macrophylum	600	111.20	27.66	11.71	4.86	10.77	17.75
A. saccharinum	700	104.37	19.17	10.97	2.82	12.79	21.09
A. rubrum	560	69.77	19.17	10.97	3.06	11.77	17.15

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