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Table 1.
Statistical results of three-factorial repeated-measures ANOVA and post-hoc tests on front-back reversal errors. Significant results are marked bold. The results of the one-way ANOVA for multi-tone signal at 85 dB(A) were Greenhouse-Geisser corrected due to violated sphericity assumptions.
| Effect | DFn | DFd | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Level | 1 | 12 | 12.35 | 0.004 | |
| Signal | 1 | 12 | 0.01 | 0.934 | |
| HPD | 4 | 48 | 2.86 | 0.033 | |
| Level:Signal | 1 | 12 | 0.13 | 0.724 | |
| Level:HPD | 4 | 48 | 1.19 | 0.328 | |
| Signal:HPD | 4 | 48 | 2.77 | 0.038 | |
| Level:Signal:HPD | 4 | 48 | 0.35 | 0.846 | |
| Post-hoc one-way ANOVAs for effects of HPDs | |||||
| DFn | DFd | F | p | ||
| Tone 70 dB(A) | 4 | 48 | 0.14 | 0.966 | |
| Tone 85 dB(A) | 4 | 48 | 0.99 | 0.421 | |
| Multi-tone 70 dB(A) | 4 | 48 | 3.84 | 0.009 | |
| Multi-tone 85 dB(A) | 2 | 24 | 3.47 | 0.047 | |
| Post-hoc t-tests’ p-values with Bonferroni–Holm correction (n = 13) | |||||
| Multi-tone signal at 70 dB(A) | |||||
| Open ears | Ear-plug off | Ear-plug on | Ear-muff off | Ear-muff on | |
| Open ears | × | > 0.999 | > 0.999 | > 0.999 | 0.004 |
| Earplug off | × | × | > 0.999 | > 0.999 | 0.008 |
| Earplug on | × | × | × | > 0.999 | 0.099 |
| Earmuff off | × | × | × | × | 0.104 |
| Multi-tone signal at 85 dB(A) | |||||
| Open ears | Ear-plug off | Ear-plug on | Ear-muff off | Ear-muff on | |
| Open ears | × | 0.442 | > 0.999 | > 0.999 | 0.015 |
| Earplug off | × | × | > 0.999 | > 0.999 | 0.006 |
| Earplug on | × | × | × | > 0.999 | 0.006 |
| Earmuff off | × | × | × | × | 0.332 |
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