Open Access
Table 3
Summary of main results.
| Parameter | URA | CCA |
|---|---|---|
| Array geometry | 8 × 8 grid (rectangular) | Concentric rings (final iteration: 4, 8, 16, 24 elements) |
| Total number of elements | 64 | 52 |
| Simulation focal distance | 70.85 mm | 83 mm |
| Experimental focal distance | 75 mm (focused) | 65 mm (unfocused) |
| Peak pressure, P max | 3248.88 Pa measured at Z = 75 mm | 944.72 Pa measured at Z = 65 mm |
| Estimated acoustic intensity, I | 1.256 W/cm2 | 0.106 W/cm2 |
| Directivity (Simulation) | 7.66 dBi (no taper), 5.98 dBi (with Hamming taper) | ∼20 dBi (no taper) |
| Side lobe behavior | Moderate side lobes observed; design simplified via common delay grouping | Improved side lobe suppression with uneven ring spacing but experimentally challenging |
| Power consumption | 5.32 W (20 V, 266 mA) | 7.6 W (20 V, 380 mA) |
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