Vortex acoustic particle manipulation in horizontal and vertical planes. (a) Horizontal motion (x-axis): (a)–(d) Simulated acoustic fields at target positions: (0.0, 0.0, 0.0), (0.8, 0.0, 0.0), (1.6, 0.0, 0.0), and (2.4, 0.0, 0.0) cm. (e)–(h) Corresponding experimental results showing particle trajectories. Measured displacements: 0.79 cm, 1.58 cm, 2.37 cm. (b) Vertical motion (z-axis): (a)–(d) Simulated fields at (0.0, 0.0, 0.0), (0.0, 0.0, 0.8), (0.0, 0.0, 1.6), and (0.0, 0.0, 2.4) cm. (e)–(h) Experimental results. Measured displacements: 0.75 cm, 1.54 cm, 2.34 cm.